Workers’ compensation claims, and how to keep them under control, have always been a focus for most employers. They occur in virtually all industries and can be costly and time consuming. There’s no federal workers’ compensation law that addresses workplace injuries. It’s a state-law issue and each state enacts and enforces its own legal framework. Today, every workers’ compensation claim raises the potential for a variety of workplace laws to come in to play. Some have referred to this intersection of laws as the Bermuda Triangle of the workplace. To keep from being overwhelmed, you must look at what each of the laws requires separately. What rights and responsibilities apply to the situation under those laws?

Disability and Employee Injuries

Given that many workers’ compensation claims involve injuries that could be considered a “disability” under the provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADAAA), there’s a likelihood that it may apply at least in some work-related injury situation. In addition, since many workers’ compensation claims involve some period of leave from normal job duties, leave laws can also come in to play. It requires patient analysis to work one’s way through the various laws to determine whether they apply, to what specific issues, and most importantly what steps must the employer take to be in compliance. The ADAAA, like the anti-discrimination rules of Title VII, applies if the employer has 15 or more employees and the injury at issue is a “disability.” It requires an employer to go through the interactive process to determine if a reasonable accommodation is possible without creating an undue burden. 

The Family Medical Leave Act

The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) applies to all employers with 50 or more employees within a 75-mile radius. These numerical limits, like the 15 employee threshold under the ADAAA, cannot be waived. The FMLA requires employers with 50 or more employees to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year to employees who qualify. An employee must have worked at least for one year and a minimum of 1,250 hours in that year to be eligible for the unpaid leave. Numerous states and even some cities have adopted medical and family leave laws in recent years. Most are similar to the provisions of the FMLA, and in some cases, it’s paid leave. If the injured employee is eligible for FMLA leave, most employers run that leave concurrently with the workers’ compensation leave, at least for up to 12 weeks. The employer has the right to designate the leave as FMLA qualifying.

The Usual Claim

Let’s look at a typical workers’ compensation scenario: an employee with a serious back injury caused by heavy lifting at work would fall under all three of the laws mentioned above. If, as almost always occurs, the treating medical provider requires that the employee be off the job for a period of time to recover, they would be out due to the workers’ compensation qualifying injury. However, the employee might also qualify for FMLA leave as well. If the nature of the back injury required follow-up treatment, such as periodic physical therapy or other medical treatment, available FMLA leave could also be used intermittently to cover those periodic absences. Intermittent leave, even in increments as small as one hour, can be used until all 12 weeks in a year are exhausted. It’s not uncommon for injured employees who have resumed work to have a series of follow-up medical visits or treatments. Intermittent leave could apply to those absences.   

A serious back injury would likely also qualify as a “disability” under the ADAAA given the very broad reading of what constitutes a disability. It would entitle the employee to greater protections and impose greater obligations on the employer. If, for example, the employee was able to work with limitations, the employer would be obligated to go through the “interactive process” to try to identify a reasonable accommodation for the limitations. In addition, if the employer had a policy that limited leave to a specific maximum, say one year, an extension of a few weeks or perhaps even a few months to permit full recovery would likely be considered a “reasonable accommodation” mandated by the Act. A few workers’ compensation state laws may have a maximum limit for workers’ compensation leave, but most do not and the period of permitted absence can be quite extensive. They do require periodic recertification of the medical inability to return to work. An ADAAA-mandated extension beyond maximum leave periods would also require medical confirmation.

Back to Work

When an employee is released to return to work from a workers’ compensation leave virtually all employers return the person to their former job, although it’s not a requirement of most workers’ compensation laws. Under the FMLA, the individual must be returned to their former job or one that is substantially similar. This means virtually identical positions in work duties as well as compensation. As for the ADAAA, it has, in practice, virtually the same requirement as the FMLA. However, as noted above, if the person cannot perform all of the essential functions of the job -- for example the person is released with limitations, the employer must engage in the “interactive process” and determine what accommodations might be available that do not create an undue hardship. “Reasonable accommodation” here could mean reducing the non-essential duties of the job, switching the person to another open position consistent with any limitations, or offering other accommodations that do not create an undue hardship.

Best Practices

Investigate the injury as soon as you can. Speak with witnesses and the employee’s supervisor, take photos of the area where the injury occurred, document everything, and be sure to make the proper OSHA log filings or recordings.

Have the injured employee complete an injury/incident/near-miss report.

Train supervisors to appropriately respond to injuries, direct injured employees to the appropriate people at the company, assess whether the claim is valid, and determine whether any safety rules were violated.

Communicate with the employee, health care provider, and claim representative frequently to let the employee know that you’re concerned for their health and to assess when they may return to work. DO NOT: demand that they return by any set date; tell the employee that you think they are “faking it;” or “should already be back at work;” or make any other statement that could be considered retaliatory.

Determine whether the FMLA and/or the ADAAA apply and act accordingly.

Review past claims at your worksite to determine the problem areas or issues that need to be addressed. Where do most injuries occur? Why do they occur? Are proper safety procedures followed? What have you done to prevent injuries? If you can prevent the injury, then you prevent the claim. That’s a win.

Conclusion

In addressing the issues in any work-related injury, all three of the laws discussed must be kept in mind. Each may have a role to play and failure to comply with the obligations each one imposes can lead to possible legal action and damaged employee relations. The goal is to properly address work-related injuries and have employees back to work when they’re medically cleared to resume their duties.