search
cart
facebook twitter linkedin youtube instagram Spotify Podcasts Apple Podcasts Spotify Podcasts Apple Podcasts
  • Sign In
  • Create Account
  • Sign Out
  • My Account
  • NEWS
  • TOPICS
    • Cool Roofing
    • Event News
    • Latinos in Roofing
    • Low Slope
    • Legal
    • Metal
    • Project Profiles
    • Roofing Supply Pro
    • Roofing Safety
    • Steep Slope
    • Sustainable Roofing
    • Technology
  • EXCLUSIVES
    • Best of Success
    • Contractor Profile
    • IRE Show
    • Roofing Contractor of the Year
    • Top 100
    • Young Guns
    • State of the Industry
    • Century Club
  • MULTIMEDIA
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Interactive Spotlights
    • Roofing Quizzes
    • IRE Videos
    • Webinars
    • Photo Galleries
  • PRODUCTS
    • New Products
    • Featured Products
  • COLUMNS
    • Editor's Note
    • Exit Planning
    • Legally Speaking
    • Safety Advice
    • Technical Details
    • Guest Column
  • EVENTS
    • International Roofing Expo
    • Webinars
    • Best of Success Conference
    • Industry Events
  • DIRECTORY
    • Associations
    • Distributors
    • Manufacturer/Supplier
    • Business Services
    • Get Listed
  • MORE
    • Roofing Contractor eNews
    • Techos y Más Advisory Board
    • RC Store
    • Roofing Supply Pro
    • Custom Content & Marketing Services
    • Market Research
    • Sponsor Insights
    • Company Spotlights
    • Classifieds
      • Auctions
      • Business For Sale
      • Business Opportunities
      • Equipment For Sale
      • Positions Available
      • Products
      • Safety
      • Software
      • Services
      • Training
    • Contact Us
  • EMAGAZINE
    • eMagazine
    • Advertise
      • Media Kit
      • Editorial Calendar
      • Contact
    • Archive Issues
  • SIGN UP!

Photovoltaic Cells

By Brad Burdic
August 27, 2008
Just like roofing systems, solar solutions come in a variety of types, sizes, efficiencies and price points. Before investing in a rooftop solar system, it is important to understand the types of photovoltaic (PV) cells available and which technology might be best for a particular application.

Shown is an example of a crystalline silicon rack-mounted system.


Just like roofing systems, solar solutions come in a variety of types, sizes, efficiencies and price points. Before investing in a rooftop solar system, it is important to understand the types of photovoltaic (PV) cells available and which technology might be best for a particular application.

Shown is an example of a thin-film rack mounted solar collecting system.

Solar energy is generated by exposing PV cells to light that is absorbed and converted into electricity. Built of razor-thin layers of semiconducting material, every cell is a power generator. When light falls on a PV module, the radiant energy is converted into direct current (DC), which is then converted into household-compatible alternating current (AC) by means of an inverter.

The most commonly used PV cells are made from crystalline silicon and thin-film amorphous silicon. However, other technologies such as photochemical and concentrating photovoltaic are being developed.

Crystalline Silicon PV Cells

The majority of PV cells produced today use crystalline silicon (c-Si) as its light-absorbing semiconductor. The c-Si technology originally was developed for the semi-conductor industry to produce PV cells for integrated circuits and microchips. These PV cells have an energy conversion efficiency between 11 percent and 16 percent. The energy conversion efficiency of a solar cell is the percentage of sunlight converted by the cell into electricity. While the efficiency of c-Si is high, it absorbs light poorly and requires many layers to perform efficiently in solar applications.

The two types of crystalline silicon technology used to produce PV cells are mono- and multi-crystalline. Mono-crystalline technology uses thin wafers sliced from a single, pure crystal silicon ingot. With multi-crystalline or polycrystalline technology, silicon crystals are cast into a block and then sliced into wafers. Multi-crystalline silicon is not as pure as mono-crystalline and therefore produces lower-quality wafers. However, it is significantly less expensive.

Figure 1.  A comparison of crystalline and thin-film technologies in bituminous applications, such as BUR (built-up roofs), SBS (styrene butadiene styrene) and APP (atactic polypropylene), and single-ply applications, including PVC (polyvinyl chloride), TPO (thermoplastic olefin) and EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer).

Thin-Film PV Cells

The high demand for c-SI has outstripped production causing the price of c-Si to rise. With the high cost of c-Si, a number of PV cell manufacturers have begun using less-expensive semiconductor materials including amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CIS) or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). These materials are good light absorbers and are fairly thin.

They are known as thin-film because they are deposited in very thin layers on stainless steel, glass or a flexible substrate. The thickness of the film is less than 1 micron (a human hair is 50-100  microns). Like c-Si, thin-film PV cells are combined into modules and laminated to protect them from the elements. They are less expensive than c-Si, but only have a demonstrated efficiency of approximately 8 percent. The advantage of thin-film technology is that it can be applied over large areas, providing more opportunity to generate electricity in cloudy conditions.

The shortage of crystalline silicon has led to increases in the use of thin-film PV cells in the United States. Just a few years ago, they were virtually unheard of. Today, they make up approximately 30 percent of the market.

Photoelectrochemical PV Cells

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) PV cells are currently under development. Unlike other PV cells that use solid crystal layers to absorb light, PEC cells are liquid. They absorb light with a dye sensitizer and use it to create electrical current in a nanocrystalline titanium dioxide semiconductor layer. The cells are encased in a carbon layer on the back and are contained in glass on both sides. A number of companies are developing this technology and they could be introduced commercially in the near future. These cells are expected to compete by significantly reducing the cost of PV cells.

Concentrating Photovoltaics

Concentrating photovoltaic systems use lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto high-efficiency solar cells. These solar cells are typically more expensive than conventional cells used for flat-plate photovoltaic systems. However, the concentration of sunlight decreases the required cell area while also increasing the cell efficiency. This technology has potential for solar cell efficiencies greater than 40 percent.

The high cost of advanced, high-efficiency solar cells requires concentrated sunlight for the system to achieve a cost-effective comparison with other solar alternatives. Therefore tracking systems are usually installed to take advantage of every hour of available sunlight. Tracking system motors may require maintenance.

The chart in Figure 1 compares crystalline and thin-film technologies in both bituminous and single-ply applications.

Figure 2. Key steps to successfully installing a rooftop-mounted solar system in ballasted and mechanically attached systems.

Selecting the Right Technology for the Project

One of the most important considerations in selecting which solar technology to use is based on balancing the cost of the project with the energy it generates. That will vary based on project specifics such as its size and location. It is important to engage a knowledgeable manufacturer or solar integrator who can analyze your specific project and make recommendations based on the current technology available.

Whether a crystalline or thin-film system is selected, the steps to successfully installing a roof-top-mounted solar system are the same, but vary depending on membrane type and means of attachment. (See Figure 2.)

Other key considerations include:
  • Roof type.
  • Roof age.
  • Structural framing system.
  • Manufacturer’s guarantee.
  • Accessibility.
  • Equipment.
  • Geographical location.
The type of roofing system, its age and condition can impact solar system performance. You do not want a solar system that outlasts the roof on which it is installed, nor do you want to install a system on a roof that does not have the ability to carry the load.

If the roof is guaranteed, the manufacturer may have additional installation requirements. The space for the solar installation needs to be put in context with other rooftop equipment requirements, such as exhaust fans and communications equipment.

Solar systems are only as effective as the amount of light they receive to power them. Any obstruction that provides unwanted shade needs to be evaluated, as does the geographic area in which a building is located.

Before embarking on a solar project, it is important to work with a knowledgeable manufacturer or solar integrator who understands your roofing asset and works with you to develop solar solutions that help you reach your project goals. CR

Share This Story

Looking for a reprint of this article?
From high-res PDFs to custom plaques, order your copy today!

Brad Burdic is Manager Sales & Marketing North America for Ecostream, which custom designs and builds high-quality solar energy projects. For more information, visit www.ecostream.us.

Recommended Content

JOIN TODAY
to unlock your recommendations.

Already have an account? Sign In

  • Roofing Contractor Group Publisher Jill Bloom

    Physics, the Power of Authenticity and You

    In February's Publisher's Note, Jill Bloom describes a...
    Editor's Note
    By: Jill Bloom
  • The Family Food Fare supermarket in Midland, Mich.

    ‘Rooftop Ninja’ Discovered Living on Roof, Inside Grocery Sign

    A bizarre tale out of Midland, Mich.: a woman dubbed the...
    Roofing News
    By: Bryan Gottlieb
  • A before and after heat measurement comparison

    How Hot is Too Hot in the Attic?

    If the ventilation is working, how hot should the attic...
    Steep Slope Roofing
    By: Paul Scelsi
You must login or register in order to post a comment.

Report Abusive Comment

Manage My Account
  • eMagazine Subscription
  • Sign Up for the eNewsletter
  • Online Registration
  • Manage My Preferences
  • Subscription Customer Service

More Videos

Sponsored Content

Sponsored Content is a special paid section where industry companies provide high quality, objective, non-commercial content around topics of interest to the Roofing Contractor audience. All Sponsored Content is supplied by the advertising company and any opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not necessarily reflect the views of Roofing Contractor or its parent company, BNP Media. Interested in participating in our Sponsored Content section? Contact your local rep!

close
  • TAMKO Titan XL Shingles
    Sponsored byTAMKO®

    Built for Business: How Titan XT® Shingles Keep Proving Their Value

  • An overhead view of a residential block
    Sponsored byCBIZ CompuData

    From Spreadsheets to Strategy: How Roofing Companies Can Transform Financial Operations

  • Snow Guard Solutions for Metal Roofs by S-5!
    Sponsored byS-5!

    Safeguard Your Building: How Snow Guards Prevent Costly Roof & Property Damage

Popular Stories

The Home Depot is weighing a bid for GMS. The potential offer would pit the retail giant against QXO Inc.

UPDATE: Home Depot Pushes QXO Out of GMS Pursuit

Florida has become the focal point for construction-site raids, attracting national attention and altering labor dynamics throughout the industry.

Florida Emerges as the Epicenter of ICE Raids

Brad Jacobs, chairman and CEO of QXO, offers $5 billion to acquire GMS, a major distributor of gypsum and interior building products.

QXO Sets Its Sights on GMS in $5 Billion Offer

Roofing Contractor Webinar

Events

December 3, 2025

The Premier Roofing Conference: Best of Success

Join roofing professionals from across the nation at the 2025 Best of Success conference, the ultimate destination for roofing professionals seeking the latest industry insights and networking opportunities. Pick up strategies for critical challenges like workforce shortage with innovative solutions, explore the latest advancements in roofing technology and sustainable practices, and gain valuable insights from industry leaders on navigating the evolving roofing landscape.

View All Submit An Event

Related Articles

  • Fuel Cells Boost Cordless Framing Nailer

    See More
  • Photovoltaic Module

    See More
  • Carlisle Energy Services to Deliver Photovoltaic Systems

    See More
×

Be in the forefront of the roofing industry!

Join thousands of professionals today. Shouldn’t you know what they know?

JOIN NOW!
  • RESOURCES
    • Advertise
    • Contact Us
    • Directories
    • Store
    • Want More
  • SIGN UP TODAY
    • Create Account
    • eMagazine
    • eNewsletter
    • Customer Service
    • Manage Preferences
  • SERVICES
    • Marketing Services
    • Reprints
    • Market Research
    • List Rental
    • Survey/Respondent Access
  • STAY CONNECTED
    • LinkedIn
    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • YouTube
    • X
  • PRIVACY
    • PRIVACY POLICY
    • TERMS & CONDITIONS
    • DO NOT SELL MY PERSONAL INFORMATION
    • PRIVACY REQUEST
    • ACCESSIBILITY

Copyright ©2025. All Rights Reserved BNP Media.

Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing